Landings are the only mandatory flight maneuver, yet they’re often the source of challenges for pilots. The last stretch—from the base-to-final turn to safely exiting the runway—is where precision, skill, and discipline come together.

Let’s explore some key lessons and techniques for mastering this crucial phase of flight.

Airspeed and AOA: The Foundations of Landing

Airspeed is a proxy for angle of attack (AOA), and understanding this relationship is critical. Pilots often rely on published speeds from the POH, but these are based on gross weight. Adjusting speeds for actual weight ensures an appropriate AOA and a safer approach. Some modern aircraft include AOA indicators, which simplify this process and enhance situational awareness.

To adjust speeds for weight:

Common Pitfalls: Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO)

PIO occurs when pilot inputs result in oscillations, often worsening with each correction. A common example is a high-speed approach that leads to bounces during landing. Mismanaging such a scenario can cause significant damage, highlighting the importance of controlled inputs and timely go-arounds.

The Role of Precision and Power Management

Precision is key to safe and consistent landings. Pilots should aim for a specific touchdown point and manage power reductions smoothly. Abrupt power changes, especially before the flare, can destabilize the aircraft.

Practicing techniques like power-off 180-degree landings helps pilots understand their aircraft’s glide capabilities and drag profiles. These exercises build confidence and improve precision.

Slips and Crosswinds: Tools for Control

Forward slips are invaluable for losing altitude quickly, but they require practice. Slipping in the direction of a crosswind simplifies the transition to a sideslip for landing. High approaches combined with slipping techniques provide additional safety margins, especially near obstacle-laden runways.

However, slips should be used judiciously. Carrying power during a slip counteracts its purpose, and improper execution can lead to spins. Pilots must differentiate between safe maneuvers and risky habits.

Flare and Touchdown Techniques

The flare is a delicate balance of inputs. Some pilots prefer using both hands on the yoke for better control, while others keep one hand on the throttle for go-around readiness. Consistency in technique is more important than adherence to a single method.

One common issue during the flare is unintentional yaw, often caused by ergonomic factors as pilots pull back on the yoke. Awareness and proper trimming can help mitigate this tendency.

Mastering Crosswinds

Crosswind landings demand precise coordination of rudder and aileron inputs. Pilots can practice alignment and lateral positioning by flying low over the runway without touching down. This isolates critical skills and builds confidence.

Slipping approaches also help pilots adjust to changing wind conditions, ensuring they’re in tune with the environment at touchdown.

Go-Arounds: A Critical Maneuver

Despite being a vital skill, go-arounds are often under-practiced. They require quick, deliberate actions: adding power for level flight, then transitioning to a climb while managing configuration changes. The surprise factor of an unplanned go-around can overwhelm pilots, emphasizing the need for regular practice.

Accidents during go-arounds often occur due to late initiation or inadequate control inputs, particularly on the left side of the runway. Pilots must assess situations quickly and act decisively.

A Lifelong Discipline

Landing safely and consistently demands ongoing learning and refinement. Stick-and-rudder skills are the cornerstone of airmanship, and every flight provides an opportunity to improve. Whether it’s practicing precision landings, mastering slips, or perfecting go-arounds, dedication to these fundamentals ensures safer skies for everyone.